The Ethics Of Juvenile Delinquency Criminology Essay

The Ethics Of Juvenile Delinquency Criminology Essay It is ethical to allow courts dealing with juvenile delinquency to punish any juvenile responsible for taking part in illegal activities. A critical part of working towards a morally responsible society is holding juveniles responsible for their actions. There have been many changes in juvenile laws attempting to balance the proper level of punishment. Early rehabilitation of an irresponsible child or young adult is a key part of solving criminal issues. How to rehabilitate a juvenile is always going to be a highly controversial issue. In the past century, laws governing juveniles actions have changed drastically. In the early nineteenth century, juveniles typically received the same punishments as adults for crimes or wrongdoings. According to the (United States Federal government, 1997), In 1938, the Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act was passed with the essential purpose of keeping juveniles apart from adult criminals. Juvenile delinquents began to receive preferential treatment after the Juvenile Delinquency Act became law. In the seventies juvenile law began to receive more attention and one of the most influential laws where formed. According to the (United States Federal government, 1997), In 1974, Congress adopted the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act in principle is focused on allowing juveniles to receive treatment in lieu of harsher jail or prison time. Through many reforms in law, juveniles have many different paths of rehabilitation instead of just prison or jail time. In 1995 the (United States Federal government, 1997) reported Two out of three cases where a juvenile was arrested the case was referred to a lesser juvenile court. It is becoming apparent that even though juveniles are capable of committing a crime; a juvenile is not capable of considering the consequences for their action. Ever since the establishment of juvenile courts, there has been controversy on the subject on how they should be run and what rules should apply. With all the controversy on how the juvenile courts system should apply the existing law to minors. A few states have decided to change the law regarding at what age a person is a juvenile. An article written by (Jeffrey A. Butts, 1998) states, in 37 States and the District of Columbia, juvenile courts are initially responsible for all law violations committed by youth under 18. This just goes to show that even though for the past century juvenile delinquency laws have been getting looser the laws are still highly debated. Ever since about 1995, there has been a substantial amount of cases being transferred from juvenile court to adult court. An analysis performed by (Jeffrey A. Butts, 1998) indicates, In about half of all transfers, the offenders receive sentences comparable to what they might have received from the juvenile court. Many people believe that by allowing the juvenile case to be transferred to an adult court will make the juvenile realize they are not above any law. As well with more juveniles being tried as adults it weeds out the worst cases; therefore, making the juvenile courts appear more effective. The latest change in juvenile law is that states have attempted to expunge the juvenile courts system. Many states went as far as passing laws to abolish such courts; however, few states did anything to act on the laws. According to an article written by (Jeffrey A. Butts, 1998) In states such as Idaho, Michigan, and Virginia, the criminal courts may sentence a juvenile to an adult correctional facility. Sentencing a juvenile to an adult correctional facility in states that allow it is reserved only for the worst of cases. Since the seventies, there has been a dramatic increase in violent crimes especially amongst juveniles. Part of the surge in violent crimes is due partly to the rise in home and cellular phones making it easier to report crimes. Another factor in the increased crime rate is the decreased penalties that took effect in the same period. Not surprisingly according to (Justice, 2010), juveniles accounted for almost half the arrests for serious crimes in the United States in 1974. Juvenile courts where severely understaffed for the caseloads during that period; as a result many juvenile delinquents where not adequately punished for their crimes. During the seventies alcohol and drug abuse was a horrific problem amongst juveniles. According to (Justice, 2010), increasing numbers of young people are becoming addicted to or abuse alcohol and or other drugs. In response to the drug abuse and violence problems, programs and other resources where suggested to be offered schools. Juvenile justice courts also where provided with extended sentencing authority, in addition to rehabilitation resources. Many juveniles engage in unsafe activities and it is important that the behaviors are corrected. According to (Justice, 2010), the small number of youth who commit the most serious and violent offenses are becoming more violent. Most juvenile crimes are seriously violent crimes. Crimes committed by juveniles that are non-violent in nature must not receive the same punishments as violent crimes. In conclusion, juveniles must be responsible for their actions; however, it is not always appropriate to treat a juvenile the same as an adult. Juvenile delinquency dramatically decreased after the enactment of education and rehabilitation programs for juveniles. Laws regarding juvenile delinquency modified many times to assist courts in the rehabilitation of juveniles. It is ethical to allow courts to rehabilitate juveniles from unsafe lifestyles.

Renewable Energy Generation In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

Pakistan has rich energy beginnings but unluckily these rich beginnings of energy have non been utilized so far. To run into this Remedy Government of Pakistan ( Ministry of Power and Development ) formulized a scheme named â€Å" Policy for development of Renewable energy beginnings † . This policy made Pakistan usage of its energy beginnings in a efficient manner in its first stage widening up to June 2008. Sing the benefits being gained of this policy, it is further divided into its 2nd and 3rd stages severally and this stage would farther find the use of renewable energy sourced blessed to Pakistan by nature. Important characteristics of this policy are: 1. This policy contains assorted of import chances that attract investors from the assorted private sectors. i.e.. It provides an chance of acquiring one stabilized in his ain independent power undertakings that could either be used for one ‘s ain intents or it can be made to make others in return of the net incomes of your investing. 2. An investor bring forthing electricity utilizing renewable energy beginnings at one location, at the same clip can acquire an equal sum of electricity for any sort of usage at another location conveying electricity through grids at his ain disbursals. 3. Via use of Renewable energy beginnings, it allows to bring forth electricity and manufacturer can sell excess sum of electricity and at the same clip, he can have electricity from another grids and this production and receiving of electricity can be solved by net metering and charge which this policy has introduced, therefore rendering big benefit to little scaly productions and besides enhanced the efficiency of bing installed systems. 4. This policy is significantly of import for micro, mini hydro and solar based electricity production undertakings. 5. The complex techniques of Duty Determination have been simplified following transparent and apparent rules laid down by the policy of renewable energy beginnings. 6. An model characteristic of this policy is the decrease of hazards associated to power buyers as it used to be found in the yesteryear. Therefore it can be said that the policy with its salient characteristics discussed above can play a cardinal function in beef uping the economic system of our state every bit good as it can stabilise the economic system of assorted power undertakings being run by figure of private investors.Introduction:Our state Pakistan is comprised of more than 150 million people therefore using immense energy. This high demand of energy is impossible to be met if we depend on planetary energy fuels of high monetary values. So, to run into this job Government of Pakistan has introduced the policy of use of renewable energy beginnings pulling the private investor ‘s along with covering with high demand of energy use. With the turning demand of energy beginnings and visual aspect of new engineerings in the planetary universe would find the reaching of more and more policies originating from this really core policy of renewable energy beginnings in Pakistan.Power Sector Institutions:Following are the power sector establishments in Pakistan:1. Ministry of Power and Water development:This establishment is supposed to cover with all the issues originating of the affair of energy production and ingestion. This sector besides with other related independent and independent establishments of energy beginnings.2. National electrical and power ordinance authorization ( NEPRA ) :NEPRA provides the policies, regulations and ordinances to guarantee safe and choice production of electricity and besides safe transmittal of electricity to consumers.3. Alternative energy development Board:AEDB is designated to implement the assorted programs rendered by Government of Pakistan related to the use of energy beginnings in Pakistan. It besides covers advertisement to make consciousness and ease the energy ingestion in Pakistan.Renewable Energy Resources:Following are the renewable energy beginnings in Pakistan.HydroPotential:So far, no exact appraisal has been brought in related to hydro pow er potency in Pakistan but if we take mean, this possible comes out to be 45000 MW. This possible includes power ingestion in all the walks of life and hydro power workss.Status 2006:The hydro power capacity of Pakistan so far assumed is 5928 MW of big ( & gt ; 250 MW ) 470 MW of medium ( & gt ; 50 and & lt ; 250 ) And 253 MW of micro ( & lt ; 50 MW ) workss. Now it makes the amount of 6608 MW, which barely covers 15 % of entire identified hydro potency in Pakistan.WindPotential:Wind power undertaking resources exist in assorted parts of the state including southern Sindh and Coastal countries of Pakistan with monthly norm wind velocity of 6-7 m/s at some sites.Status:Unfortunately there is no air current power undertaking commercially working in Pakistan. However micro wind power undertakings have been tested.Solar and ThermalPotential:Pakistan is blessed with immense solar energy resources. Most sites of Pakistan receive big sum of solar energy in the universe that extends to 2 MWh/m2 or 3000 hours of sunlight. Status: This big sum of solar energy is being ignored. So far now solar and thermic power undertaking has been installed in Pakistan.BiomassPotential:Pakistan being an agricultural state contains big reservoirs of biomass in the signifier of residue harvests, animate being wastes and rice chaffs etc.Status:This big reservoir of biogases is being utilized in Pakistan at assorted low degrees and frequently at high degrees. This sector is besides allowed to sell excess power other than of its ain required usage to sell to grids at the rate of 700 MW.Strategic aims of Policy:There are four cardinal aims that formulate the policy of development of renewable energy beginnings:Energy Security:Energy is the chief demand of today ‘s modern civilisation. Following the importance of use of energy by the modern societies has risen up the monetary values of fuel and oil in the planetary market. The use of renewable energy beginnings by which our state is blessed would guarantee us the energy securi ty and we would be less dependent on others to run into the demand of energy.Economic Benefits:Renewable energy beginnings if used decently in any state can be really helpful in profiting the economic system of that peculiar state. As use of energy from other beginnings would ensue in energy losingss and wastage of money to an unexpecting bound, nevertheless, utilizing the renewable energy beginnings of our ain state, we can salvage the big sum of our economic system which is spent on importing the energy beginnings from other states to our ain usage.Social Equity ;As discussed earlier, that utilizing the renewable energy beginnings of our state can do us able to salvage the economic system and salvaging the economic system would straight intend prosperity of the state that can profit the people of our state by eliminating poorness rate and guaranting security of societal rights among all the citizens of our state. Renewable energy beginnings can besides cut down the labour work as it can replace the human attempts in field by machineries which are non being utilized because of high monetary values of fuel in the international market.Environmental Protection:Use of local energy beginnings is the confidence of environmental protection as it lowers the hazard of air and environmental pollution which is frequently threatened to the society by utilizing the natural and fuels of hapless quality being imported from other states.Policy Goals and developmental scheme:Following are the ends that lead the state to explicate the policy of development of renewable energy beginnings: 1. Maximal use of energy beginnings of our state that can ease the lives of our people by supplying electricity through all the parts of the state. 2. Renewable energy beginnings can do the state meet the turning demands of people populating in it. 3. An investing friendly environment is created in the market therefore pulling private sectors and enabling them to advance friendly and economical environment for the investors in the sector of renewable energy beginnings. 4. Deriving of economic benefits is besides one of the primary ends meant to acquire achieved via this policy. Scope of Policy: This policy leads to the use of different renewable energy beginnings. Micro hydro Solar polytheist hydro Wind power undertakings Municipal waste and landfill methane recovery Biomass Gasification Crop residues Etc etc.Road Maps for policy development and Execution:Keeping in head the important of renewable energy beginnings, a strategic policy specifying the fundamental laws has been formulized. This policy is divides in three stages and each stage, if implemented good can do us succeeded in accomplishing the aims.Short term stage.Short term stage includes indulgent policies in order to make an economic friendly atmosphere throughout the concern countries of the state and take the bing barriers impeding in the manner of our concern sector.This stage focused allot on little hydro, solar and wind power undertakings for immediate commercial development. This stage helped in pulling the private sectors to put in commercial markets for renewable energy beginnings. This stage developed regular frame work, develops markets, assessed the resources, swayers development programmes and finance development for renewable energy beginnings and ease the markets to renewable energy beginnings in the state .Average Term:Following the enormous success of the policy of renewable energy beginnings in its short stage, another comprehensive stage set on with more effectual policies and nonsubjective that would widen up to 30th of June 2012. This stage emphasized on developing the inclination of competition among assorted renewable energy engineerings application class. One such illustration is the use of Grid connected air current farms. It besides developed the market and inclination in people for utilizing the spread Renewable energy beginnings such as solar place systems.Long Term:The execution of the policy of renewable energy beginnings will come in the long stage every bit shortly as average term ends, to acquire the coveted aims. This stage will to the full develop the competitory ambiance in the market among assorted initial RETs. It will be lead under the â€Å" compulsory sweeping Wheeling † . Supplying an investor with full options of using any of the available renewable energy beginnings and competition to a full swing to do usage of each and every resource that is easy available.

Ancient Buddhist Legend Of Ashoka - 1257 Words

Amongst the pages of ancient Buddhist legend, a prophecy was told of a great king who would reign a hundred years before his birth. In his previous life, Ashoka the Great was said to have met the Buddha as a young child, and having nothing else to offer, placed a handful of dirt into the Buddha’s begging bowl, with the sincerest of intentions. Seeing this, the Buddha prophesized that in the next life, this young boy would be a legendary king, who would spread Buddhism all throughout the lands. As the prophecy came to fruition, the emperor of India, Ashoka the Great would spread Buddhism across the globe, but for almost two thousand years, the history Emperor Ashoka remained largely forgotten. (Charles, 2012) This was until inscriptions on†¦show more content†¦This led to Ashoka leaving their home country to live in Kalinga for two years. Ashoka would return to help his father, Bindusara, with an uprising in Ujjain. While Ashoka had succeeded he was injured in battle. Buddhists monks would tend to Ashoka while he was hurt. The monks took care of him in secret so his oldest brother Susima would not know about the injuries Ashoka had. While Ashoka was with the Buddhists, he would learn about their religion. He would later fall in love with one of his caretakers, Devi, a woman Vidisha. Their love was like a fairytale, which was king falls in love with a beautiful commoner. (Lahiri, 2015) Together they would have two children, a boy named Mahinda and a daughter named Samghamita. Ultimately, Ashoka would be the son to reign as King. He would take the throne even though he was not meant to inherit it. He was able to reign as king because he had killed some of his brothers. There is uncertainty on how many he killed because an old saying was that â€Å"he killed a 100†, which is thought of as many not a hundred. (Lahiri, 2015) His first couple of years as king experienced much violence. (Lahiri, 2015) During this part of his reign, he was considered a cruel tyrant. Ashoka had an earth prison, thought of as â€Å"hell†, not anybody who entered had a chance to survive. In 265 BC, AshokaShow MoreRelatedIndian Emperor Ashoka And Chinese Emperor Shi Huangdi1557 Words   |  7 PagesIn ancient history, there are quite a few well-known emperors, recognized for their achievements. Indian Emperor Ashoka and Chinese Emperor Shi Huang Di are two such rulers. The legends of their dynasties are one’s historians and scholars analyze and contemplate due to their unique styles and abilities to rule massive land masses. Both rulers influenced the world in different ways. Chinese Emperor Shi Huangdi crafted his empire by consciously ignoring the moral standards left to him by his predecessorsRead MoreDharma in Service to Vinaya Essays1540 Words   |  7 Pagespermeates the India of the Western imagination. So what of the fact that there are Hindu shrines? After all, extant examples of truly ancient Hindu relics are scarce. Perhaps the battle for the souls of India claimed more casualties in the form of the Islamic tendency to destroy all that clashes with it. More likely, though, the Hinduism of the world before King Ashoka was not the all-encompassing cultural touchstone that the most nationalistic Indians believe it was. To the Western observer, HinduismRead MoreBuddhism And Its Impact On The World And The People Around It910 Words   |  4 Pagesconstructed a religion to explain things like the origins of mankind,they conducted animal sacrifices, and put faces on their gods. They always had festivals and national sporting and artistic competitions. Religion was never too far away from an ancient greek. Also the greek constructed their civility to surround the gods in one way or another. They called on the gods for different occasions, Ares for and during war and Hera for weddings. Although you can see the vast difference between the twoRead MoreBuddhism : Non Western Humanities 1121569 Words   |  7 PagesWar II, predominantly Asian nations needed to restructure society (RoAT 167). The word ‘Buddha’ means one who has awakened and will no longer be reborn. Thereafter, one who will enter nirvana, the state of being free from suffering. According to ancient tales the Siddhartha Gautama also known as the Buddha, was born in southern Nepal one of the world’s holiest places (Gene). The Buddha, born son of the warrior caste parents was predicted by wise men that â€Å"the child would be a successful as eitherRead MoreAssignment 2: Comparing Sculptures of Ancient India and Greece1470 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 2: Comparing Sculptures of Ancient India and Greece Assignment 2: Comparing Sculptures of Ancient India and Greece Andelle Gregoire World Cultures I Abstract Overall, Greek and Indian art had many similarities and differences. Even though they lived far away and had different beliefs, their depicted the same topics: Gods and goddesses, animals, royalty, myths, everyday life, and sports. Jewelry wise, they both used a lot of gold, although Indians used more beads and gems. In sculptureRead MorePublic Administration Under the King Ashoka4145 Words   |  17 PagesASHOKA Born in 265 B.C, the great king Ashoka was the grandson of the famous ruler Chandragupta Maurya. As a young lad, Ashoka excelled in whatever he was taught. Be it the art of warfare or reading the Holy Scriptures, Asoka excelled in whatever he did. Ashoka had many half brothers and he was loved by one and all. Thus, after his father died, he was crowned as the king of Magadha around 268 B.C. After being crowned as the king, he proved himself by smoothly administrating his territory and performingRead MoreBuddhism And Its Of Assam3165 Words   |  13 Pagesnontheistic religion which can be found in almost all over the world. It has its origin in ancient India. It is very difficult to cover this entire large topic. In this assignment I have made effort to bring forth certain basic information on the religion Buddhism . The main agenda of this assignment is to give certain knowledge about the prevalence of Buddhism and Buddhist culture in Assam from an ancient time and its present stat e in Assam. The presence of Buddhism in Assam is not known by mostRead MoreCultural Tourism4485 Words   |  18 Pagesaesthetics, an astonishing knowledge of town planning and an undecipherable script language. The Indus civilization at one point of time extended nearly a million square kilometres across the Indus river valley. It existed at the same time as the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Sumer but far outlasted them. Surviving for nearly a thousand years the Indus valley civilisation fell to tectonic upheavals in about 1700 BC, which caused a series of floods. The coming of the Aryans around 1500 BC, gaveRead MoreIndian Nationalism1764 Words   |  8 Pagesconsciousness of Indians that prior to 1947, India embodied the broader Indian subcontinent and influenced a part of Asia, known as Greater India. National consciousness in India India has been unified under many emperors and governments in history. Ancient texts mention India under emperor Bharata and Akhand Bharat, these regions roughly form the entities of modern day greater India. Mauryan Empire was the first to unite all of India, South Asia, and much of Persia. In addition, much of India has alsoRead MoreHimachal Pradesh8795 Words   |  36 PagesValley Civilization in Himachal Pradesh, they were forced to shift their base from foothills to the upper areas of the hills. Dasas, Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Khasas and Kinnars, the local tribes of Himachal Pradesh inhabited this land since the ancient times. Later many other clans, tribes and dynasties occupied the land of Himachal Pradesh. The Aryans established their rule over Himachal Pradesh during the period before Rig Veda. The Aryans were very clever and through their strategies they defeated

Managing Across Cultures - Assignment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2886 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? 1 Managing Across Cultures Culture is the attitude, belief and social behaviour of a particular people or society. A personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cultural behaviour is derived from their social environment, it is the law, morals, customs as well as other habits that a society operates within. Culture is learned, not inherited. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Managing Across Cultures Assignment" essay for you Create order Edgar Schein (2010) a well-known theorist on organisational culture defines culture as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"both the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“here and nowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  dynamic phenomenon and coercive background structure that influences us in multiple ways. Culture is constantly re-enacted and created by our interactions with others and shaped by our own behaviour [1] Culture is learned on four levels, the first being Enculturation, whereby the culture that is currently established teaches an individual acceptable social norms and values of their current environment. The individual is taught their role in society, as well as what à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"is notà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ acceptable behaviour. The second level is Primary socialisation, this usually occurs during childhood. As a person grows they will adopt attitudes and values appropriate to the members of their particular culture. The third is Subculture, which develops when a culture differentiat es itself, be it through language, religion or ethnic reasoning from a larger culture to which they previously belonged. And the fourth is Secondary socialisation, which is the learning process that occurs after primary socialisation; it takes place outside of the home, and allows the individual to see what acceptable behaviour amongst its social group is and how to act accordingly to new rules. This phase usually happens during teenage years and early adulthood, for example a new profession or relocating to a different environment. In business we often find that we have a group of employees who have come from different social groups and that while this often enriches the workplace it can cause various complications, with these differing cultural backgrounds there is a possibility of conflict and that in itself can cause issues with productivity and perhaps affect the overall moral of employees. There are two theories which explore the levels of culture within an organisat ion, French and Bell.(1990) developed the iceberg theory. (see appendices fig 1) Iceberg theory CIPD explains that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The formal side of the organisation is the tip of the iceberg, the visual aspects such as strategy, structure and the organisational processes are exposed and in theory are perhaps easier to change, but the informal side of the business is submerged, suggesting that management styles, company politics, beliefs, values and attitudes are perhaps not so easy to see, and as a result are harder to change. [2] Onion Theory Geert Hofstede (1997) developed the onion model theory (fig 2) in this model values form the core of organisational culture and are set at the deepest level (centre), values are the morals and ethical codes which determine what people think should be done. [3] Rituals (layered second) are practices which are deemed socially essential. Heroes (layered third) are individuals who are held in high regard and perform well with in the organisation, perhaps a motivator who rallies everyone when things need to be done. The final layer is symbols which are gestures, objects, words or acts that signify meaning to an individual or group. Through all the layers runs the business practice. Tesco are the largest private sector employer in the UK with nearly 500,000 staff. Their website shows their approach to human resources by listing their commitments to employees, which are as follows; To create inspiring work that makes our colleagues happy and proud of what they do To provide opportunities for our colleagues to be at their best To build relationships based on shared values To build an environment where all our colleagues contribute, make a difference and can be themselves (Tescoplc.com) [4] Tescoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s website also declares to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Offer a market leading package of pay and benefitsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ at the same time to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reward committed staff with a share scheme and generous pensionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Tesco UK also have a very strong relationship with Usdaw (Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers), a partnership which is the biggest trade union agreement of any PLC, understanding the need for high standards of employment practice, suggesting that if the employee feels valued this will reflect in their work, and result in the overall achievement of Tesco strategic goals. (Tescoplc.com) [4] Mullins (2010) defines organisational culture as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the collection of traditions, values, policies, beliefs, and attitudes that constitute a pervasive context for everything we do and think in an organisation. [5] Human Resource Management has the task of recruitment and selection and as Tesco push their organisation i nto countries whose cultural backgrounds may differ greatly to those already established it is the task of HRM to apply the correct management practice. Certain theoretical tools can be applied to analyse how other countries behave in respect to their organisational culture, understanding the characteristics of a these differing cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and adapting to them will provide a foundation to successfully establish the organisation in a foreign market. Geert Hofstede is a Dutch social psychologist who developed the cultural dimensions theory, the framework for cross-cultural communication. The dimensions which Hofstede uses to help distinguish national culture are; (See appendices) Hofstedeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 5 cultural dimensions 1. Power Distance (PD) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" measures the levels of inequality members of society are willing to accept in terms of the distribution of power, and that people understand their position within the system. Hofstede sugges ts that countries with a high PD would probably only send reports to top level management and have closed door meetings. 2. Individualism (IDV) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" refers to the bonds individuals have with others within their community. Hofstede suggests that a marketing campaign that empathises the benefits to the community would more likely be understood and better received. 3. Masculinity (MAS) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" refers to how society values traditional male and female roles. High masculinity scores are in countries where men are the main providers to their culture. Low MAS do not mean the reverse of this, instead the roles are blurred, and job roles are shared equally. Hofstede suggests that in a country such as Japan (with high level MAS) would probably respond better to a male team leader, whereas a nation such as Sweden would respond to an appointment based on skill level rather than gender. 4. Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" relates to the levels of an xiety society members feel when faced with unknown situations. High level UAI countries will attempt to avoid this whenever possible seeking a collective truth, whereas low level UAI enjoy such events and are encouraged to discover their own truths. 5. Long Term Orientation (LTO) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" refers to level of importance and nation applies to traditions and values. According to Hofstede the US and UK has a low LTO which suggest to expect anything in terms of creative expression, that these two nation perhaps donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t value tradition as much as others and as such are more willing to help implement new ideas. Asian countries on the other hand have high level LTO and would likely be less receptive to change. [6] Using this framework as a starting point would give an organisation a general sense of how to approach foreign cultures and evaluate how these different societies may react to the organisational behaviour of an expanding company, such as Tesco. Dif ferent HR tactics overseas During 2006 Tesco expanded to the US marketplace where they opened supermarkets under the name à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fresh Easyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, with Tescoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reputation for good employee relations the UFCW (Usdawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s US equivalent) had expected to have a similar arrangement to the agreement of benefits employees enjoyed back in the UK. Unfortunately this was not the case, and in 2008 the UFCW issued a report entitled; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Tell British investors, politicians, employees and shoppers why we think that the Tesco they know and admire as a business, with a great track record on community and employee relations, can be a very different organisation when it operates away from British shoresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the report described that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Instead of engaging with community groups, Tesco refused to meet us, rather than offer partnership they instead greeted conflict. Instead of defending freedom of association, they would rather pursue a policy to keep out trade unionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [7] It was later revealed that this was always a planned strategy by Tesco as the job advert for the role of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Employee Relations Executiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ required the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"maintaining of non-union activitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"avoidance of union activities amongst a list of job role responsibilities. Tesco responded by claiming the advertisement had been made in error. Mead and Andrews (2009) explain that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The organisational culture is strong when it is cohesive; group members share the same values, beliefs and attitudes; members can easily communicate between themselves; members depend on each other in meeting individual needs. The strength of a culture is shown superficially by uniformity, but more significantly by the tolerance that members show for each otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experiences and ideas. Whe n the opposite conditions apply and relations between members are not cohesive, the organisational culture is weak. [8] In this instance Tescoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s move into the US market was met with opposition primarily due to a poor understanding of the wants and needs of the labour market. US employees had expected the same treatment in terms of union security as their UK counterparts and were surprised to find that Tesco managers had decided to treat overseas employees differently. With Tesco unwilling to extend its UK employee principles and organisational behaviour overseas, it left the expansion into a lucrative market hanging by a thread. A fact perhaps reinforced by the news (according to USAToday.com) that Fresh Easy will now pull out of the U.S Market in 2014. Alfonsus Trompenaars is a Dutch organisational theorist who alongside Charles Hampden-Turner (1997) developed the seven dimensions of culture. Although these are different they do seem similar in concept to Ho fstedeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dimensions. Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner sampled over 30,000 employees in 50 countries worldwide. Based on this data, Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner proposed a series of seven dimensions which, they argue, are the basis of cultural differences. [9] Universalism vs Particularism à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Cultures that are universalistic believe that standards, values and codes are more important than relations and needs, whereas a culture which is predominately particularistic think that human relationships are more important than values and codes, for them human needs come first. Individualism vs Collectivism à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" An Individualistic culture will put the community after an individual. People have autonomy; they can make decisions and will take care of their family on their own. Collectivism is the opposite of this and the needs of the group will always take precedent, the function and development of society takes precedent. Neutral vs Affec tive Relationships à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Affective cultures are more likely to express emotion and feeling. They feel no need to hide themselves within this culture. A Neutral culture believes that it is not correct to express or share emotion; they would likely see the behaviour of an affective culture as overly excitable or too emotional. Specific vs Diffuse Relationships à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" A culture that is specific will always analyse the finer details, before finally putting them together to form the global picture. People of a diffuse cultures on the other hand will analyse the issues as a whole believing that all issues are linked to one another. Achievement vs Ascription à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" People of achievement cultures respect their colleagues based on knowledge and achievement. Those of ascription culture instead respect job titles and superiors Time orientation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" looks at the comparison of sequential and synchronic cultures, where a sequence based c ulture might do things one at a time, a synchronic culture would prefer to do several things at once. Internal vs external control à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" looks at the fact that some cultures believe they have an element of control over their environment, while others believe they are controlled by it. Americans for instance have an internal culture and that what happens to them is of their own doing, Asian on the other hand believe that it is the environment that forms their destiny. Trompenaars cultural dimensions theory can be useful in a number of ways, for instance a company may deduce how an organisation operates culturally itself, and perhaps may better understand how to implement an overseas expansion, or how to take into account the culture of another nation when trading. Marketing issues could also come into consideration, organisations could capitalise on specific elements of a nations culture in an effort to maximise its brand image. Perhaps a criticism of Trompenaar s and Hampden-Turners theory is that it is now nearly twenty years old, and does not account for the cultural drift that is apparent as time passes by. Tesco opened its first store in China over 10 years ago (2004), relatively late compared to the likes of Walmart who as a result of earlier expansion into the Asian market (1996) enjoyed the choice of store location and low cost land, yet though Tesco had entered the market late, managers felt that they had a secret weapon in its bid to lure Chinese consumers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Tesco Clubcardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. It was hoped that the card would give the store management and marketing staff invaluable information about the elusive Chinese shoppers. The card would reveal their tastes, preferences, shopping habit and much more; it would hold the key to understanding the most demanding consumers in the world. However, the value of the Clubcard or indeed any loyalty programme in the Asian market may have been gross ly overestimated. Warwick Business School Professor of Marketing and innovation Qing Wang of believed that the UK retailer should have looked into cultural differences before investing in the second biggest economy in the world. Wang explained à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The value of the Clubcard or indeed any loyalty programme in the Asian market may have been grossly overestimated,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  he explained; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Research my colleagues and I have carried out in an Asian market with similar demographics and purchasing power to that of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s large cities reveal consumers to be ill-suited to the clubcard approach.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Wangà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s research team found that almost all consumers participated in at least one loyalty programme and that 63% of those had loyalty cards from four or more retailers. They believed larger choices gave them more power of control, more motivation to make decisions, more chances to have programmes whic h suited their needs and to have a more satisfying shopping experience. This means that any customer information held on one store card is at best incomplete, and at worst misleading, and not fit for the purpose Tesco intended. [10] Asian shoppers were found to have no strong preference for any store, regardless of a loyalty card scheme, instead they sought the best deal from various supermarkets. As a result (and alongside ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failing in the US market) Tesco have now announced after 10 years trading in China is to fold its unprofitable operation. Lured by the prospect of a rapidly growing middle class in the worlds second-biggesteconomy, many foreign firms have waded into Chinasretailmarket only to find they lack local expertise, particularly in building supplier relationships. Conclusion Although the venture into the American market could have been extremely lucrative for Tesco it seems the organisation did not research the cultural dimensions of t his foreign market. Refusing to expand the wealth of benefits that UK employees enjoyed and credit them to US workers caused great friction between staff and the organisation, as Mead and Andrews (2009) suggest à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The organisational culture is strong when it is cohesiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ yet in the case of Fresh Easy there was no showing of unity and Tesco will now very likely move away from the US market, according to the Independent Newspaper the company are now  £1 billion pounds poorer than when they first entered this market as a direct result. As French and Bellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Iceberg suggests, the formal side of the organisation is clearer to see, but what Tesco did not take into account was the informal, submerged aspects of the business, most certainly Tesco misjudged the political aspect of the US based organisation and perhaps they also misunderstood its differing management style. On investigation it seems the cultural research was also not performed for the Chinese consumer demographic, in this case Tescoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s had tried to implement their own (Clubcard) culture rather than take into account the needs of an entirely different cultural market. Perhaps arrogance has cost Tesco in this instance, after all, their European based operation is one of the strongest organisations on the continent, and their business model does seem to go from strength to strength. Unfortunately due to a lack of research alongside any real attempt to integrate into Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s entirely different cultural system, Tesco have again seen their operation fail due to a poor understanding of another countries cultural practices. Bibliography [1] Edgar H. Schein, Organisational culture and Leadership (2010) Page 3 [Accessed on Dec 16] [2] CIPD Online https://www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/CAB172FE-E034-42FA-A749-48FAF7CB6925/0/1843980665sc.pdf (Page 65) (Accessed Dec 18 2014) [2] https://www.culture-at-work.com/ic eberg.html (Accessed Jan 9 2014) [3] International Journal of Business and Management 2008 Hofstedeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Onion Diagram page 139 (Accessed Jan 9 2014 [4] https://www.tescoplc.com/index.asp?pageid=620 (Accessed Jan 3 2014) [5] Laurie J.Mullins -Management and Organisational Behaviour (Page 106) (Accessed Jan 3 2014) [6] https://geert-hofstede.com/ (Accessed Jan 3 2014) [7] https://www.ufcw.org/2012/12/05/ufcw-statement-on-tescos-fresh-easy/ (Accessed Jan 2 2014) [8] Richard Mead Tim Andrews, International Management 2009 (Page 90) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" (Accessed Jan 8 2014) [9] Richard Mead Tim Andrews, International Management 2009 (Page 90) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" (Accessed Jan 8 2014) [10] https://www.wbs.ac.uk/news/tesco-find-their-secret-weapon-fails-in-china/ Appendices Hofstedeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 5 cultural dimensions 1. Power Distance 2. Individualism 3. Masculinity 4. Uncertainty Avoidance 5. Long Term Orien taion (Fig 1) (Fig 2) .